?(Fig
?(Fig.1a,1a, ?a,1b).1b). differentiation. In this study, we examined the effects of NAMPT inhibition among multiple time points of cardiomyocyte differentiation. Overall, these studies show that in vitro cardiomyogenic commitment and continued culturing provides resistance to NAMPT inhibition and cell survival is associated with the ability to maintain cellular ATP pools despite depletion of NAD levels. Unlike cells at earlier stages of differentiation, day 28 hPSC\CM can survive longer periods of NAMPT inhibition and maintain ATP generation by glycolysis and/or mitochondrial respiration. This is unique from terminally StemRegenin 1 (SR1) differentiated fibroblasts, which maintain mitochondrial respiration during NAMPT inhibition. Overall, these results provide new mechanistic insight into how regulation of cellular NAD and energy pools switch with hPSC\CM differentiation and further inform how NAMPT inhibition strategies could be implemented within the context of cardiomyocyte differentiation. Stem Cells Translational Medicine test was performed when comparing treatments within a Rabbit Polyclonal to TRERF1 cell type. For comparisons among time points and treatment groups, unpaired, two\way ANOVA was performed. All ANOVA calculations were performed with multiple comparisons using Tukey post hoc test. All statistics were analyzed using GraphPad Prism version 6.07. Results Survival During NAMPT Inhibition Increases with Cardiomyocyte Differentiation and Maturation To determine when cardiomyocyte differentiation alters susceptibility to NAMPT inhibition, cells were treated with NAMPT inhibitors, STF\31 or FK866, constantly for 72 hours beginning on day 0 (confluent monolayer of hiPSC), day 5 (committed cardiac progenitors), day 10 (committed cardiomyocytes that spontaneously contract), and day 28 (time point by which cells show increased oxidative phosphorylation from option substrates 21 and adopt a more elongated mitochondrial morphology as compared to day 10 cells (Supporting Information Fig 2) and 18, 23, 33). Cell viability under NAMPT inhibition was assessed by neutral reddish uptake (an indirect assay of ATP levels) and SYTOX cell death assay (dependent on cell membrane permeability). Consistent with our previous studies 16, 17, continuous NAMPT inhibition is usually harmful to hiPSC (Fig. ?(Fig.1a,1a, ?a,1b).1b). However, the number of cells that survive NAMPT inhibition increases with differentiation. Day 5 represents the first time in differentiation where a populace of cells survive continuous NAMPT inhibition (Fig. ?(Fig.1a,1a, ?a,1b1b and Supporting Information Fig. 3a, 3b). Although day 5 vehicle control treated hiPSC\CM and hESC display increased cell death, possibly due to addition of IWR\1 at this stage of differentiation, a populace of cells remains viable after 72 hours of NAMPT inhibition. Moreover, a pulse treatment for 24 hours with 5 M STF\31 on day 5 avoids significant toxicity (Supporting Information Fig. 4A) and does not affect the ability of these cells to continue differentiating into contracting monolayers by day 15 (Supporting Information video 1 and 2). Day 10 hiPSC\CM and hESC\CM have increased cell survival with NAMPT inhibition; however, spontaneous contraction ceases by 72 hours of treatment and increased cell death is usually observed by 96 hours (data not shown). The toxicity resulting from continuous NAMPT inhibitor treatment at day 5 and 10 is usually consistent with our previous statement 17, demonstrating that treatment with 2.5 M STF\31 for 24C48 hours did not produce adverse effects on hiPSC\CM, although measurable toxicity was observed with 72 hours treatment. Open in a separate window Physique 1 Nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase inhibition mediated toxicity decreases as human pluripotent stem cells differentiate and continue to mature. (A, B): Bar graphs of cell viability as measured by neutral reddish (A) or SYTOX cell death assay (B) in cultures at numerous stages of differentiation (day 0, 5, 10, StemRegenin 1 (SR1) 28) treated with 2.5 M STF\31 or 100 nM FK866 for 72 hours (C): Representative immunofluorescence staining for cardiac troponin T2 (red) and nuclei (Hoechst\blue) in passaged day 28 hiPSC\CM treated with 2.5 M STF\31 or 100 nM FK866 for 72 hours with imaging at 20 (left) and 100 (right). Bottom panel represents staining with secondary antibody only. Level bar is usually 200 m and 20 m, respectively. (D, E): Bar graphs of cell viability as measured by neutral reddish (D) or SYTOX cell death assay (E) in human dermal fibroblasts following 3\10 days StemRegenin 1 (SR1) of continuous treatment with 2.5 M STF\31 or 100 nM FK866. (F): Representative brightfield images showing fibroblast morphology at 10x following 72 hours continuous treatment with 2.5 M STF\31 or 100 nM FK866 and 24 hours recovery after washout of treatment at 72 hours. Level bar is usually 50 m. Data are represented as mean??SEM for 3\6 biological replicates in each group (the depletion.
